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VS Battles Wiki

Credit to multiple other users like Votron, Arbitrary or FanofRPGs for calculating these stuff (of course this will not be included in the actual page lol).

Getting hit by a vehicle[]

When being hit by a car, the linear momentum of the car+person system needs to remain the same. Linear momentum is m*v

The values vary based on the vehicle and the speed of course.

For example, assuming the human is 70 kg, the car is 1500 kg and that the car's speed is 11.176 m/s:

FinalSpeed = (MassCar*InitialSpeed):(MassPerson+MassCar)

Using the values above this is 10.677707006369426751592356687898 m/s.

KE of the person is 3990.4699419854760842224836707371 Joules, Street level

However, it should be noted that the above calculation assumes that the person is sent flying by the car. In some odd cases in fiction, the car stops and the character tanks the attack. Or in some cases, a character is slammed into a wall by a car. In these cases, the entire KE of the car scales to the character's durability.

0.5*1500*11.176^2 = 9.3677232e4 Joules, Wall level

Falling from great heights[]

The energy of a falling object can be calculated by gravitational potential energy, or PE = mgh.

However, in most cases in fiction, in order to make the character's durability impressive, the height is so great that it reaches terminal velocity (more details about that).

The terminal velocity of a human being is around 53 m/s.

Assuming the person is 70 kg:

KE = 0.5*70*53^2 = 9.8315e4 Joules, Wall level

Approximating that border without air resistance: 53 m/s / 9.8 m/s^2 = 5.4081632653061224s drop time.

r = (1/2)*a*t^2 gives the distance covered by such a long fall.

(1/2)*9.8*5.4081632653061224^2 = 143.316326530612242302 m

Therefore, one would have to drop 143.3 m before this calculation applies.

A human-shaped hole[]

A common gag in fiction is that someone gets slammed towards a wall so hard that a human-sized hole is left.

The average human body has a surface area of 1.9 m^2. Divide that in half and you get 0.95m^2, or 9,500 cm^2.

Assuming that the average human head's length (meaning, front to back) is 7/8ths of the average human head's height (23.9 cm). That will be used for the depth of the crater.

7/8ths of 23.9 is 20.9125.

20.9125*9500 = 1.9866875e5 cm^3.

For fragmentation (8 j/cm^3):

198,668.75 * 8 = 1.589350e6 joules, Wall level

For violent fragmentation (69 j/cm^3):

198,668.75 * 69 = 1.370814375e7 joules, Wall level+

If the door is made out of steel:

Fragmentation:

198,668.75 * 208 = 4.1323100e7 joules, or 0.009 Tons of TNT, Small Building level

Violent fragmentation:

198,668.75 * 568.5 = 1.12943184e8 joules, or 0.027 Tons of TNT, Small Building level

Digging up from underground[]

Sometimes characters (usually monsters) burst out from underground.

Assuming the character's height is the height, and that the character's shoulder width is the width:

Height: 175 cm.

Width: 61 cm, 30.5 for the radius.

So the volume is 5.11e5 cubic centimeters.

Fragmentation:

5.11e5*8 = 4.088e6 Joules, Wall level

Violent fragmentation:

5.11e5*69 = 3.5259e7 Joules, or 0.008 Tons of TNT, Small Building level

If the ground is made out of steel:

Fragmentation:

5.11e5*208 = 1.06288e8 Joules, or 0.025 Tons of TNT, Small Building level

Violent fragmentation:

5.11e5*568.5 = 2.905035e8 Joules, or 0.069 Tons of TNT, Small Building level

*Please be noted that this is only for a quick bursting out, not slow digging.

Leaping onto a roof[]

Another common feat in fiction is when a character is leaping high in the air usually to jump on a roof of a nearby building.

Small building (10 m)

PE = 70*10*9.81 = 6.867e3 Joules, Street level

Average building (30 m)

PE = 70*30*9.81 = 2.0601e4 Joules, 'Wall level

Tall building (70 m)

PE = 70*70*9.81 = 4.8069e4 Joules, Wall level

Skyscrapers (300 m)

PE= 70*300*9.81 = 2.0601e5 Joules

Throwing a person to the horizon[]

Another common gag in fiction is that a person is punched/thrown so hard they reach the horizon/they fly out of sight.

On a normal day the visibility is usually 20 km.

Since an angle of 45 degrees requires the least force, that will be used as a low-ball.

Range of trajectory formula for 45 degrees angle is R = V^2/g. So now we can extract initial velocity from it: V = sqrt(R*g).

V = sqrt(20000*9.81) = 442.95 m/s

KE = 70*442.95^2*0.5 = 6.8671645875e6 Joules, Wall level

Throwing a person above the clouds[]

Cloud height is usually 2000 m.

Formula is (close to earth): initial speed = sqrt(2*9.81*peak height). So in this case sqrt(2*9.81*2000) = 198 m/s

Using 70 kg for the human weight: 0.5*70* 198^2 = 1.37214e6 Joules, Wall level

Destroying a door[]

Standard size for a door is 203.2 cm tall, 91.44 cm wide, and 3.334 cm thick.

Volume = 61947.75 cm^3

Fragmentation values for wood and steel can be found here.

Wood Door Fragmentation = 516644.24 Joules

V. Frag = 1136121.74 Joules

Pulverization = 2907827.38 Joules

Steel Door Fragmentation = 1.289e7 Joules

V. Frag = 3.522e7 Joules

Pulverization = 4.058e7 Joules

Destroying a car[]

Mass and Weight of Materials

The EPA stated that an average vehicle produced in 2016 weighed, on average, 4,035 lbs. or 1830.245 kg

On average, 900 kg of steel is used in the making of a vehicle.  or 49.1737444 % of the car.

as of 2015, The average vehicle uses 397 lbs of aluminum. or 180.076 kg at 9.838901349272913 % of the car.

The highest amount of copper used in an average conventional car is 49 lbs. or 22.226 kg at 1.2143729391420275 % of the car.

The amount of glass in an average vehicle is 100 lbs. or 45.3592 kg at 2.478313012738732% of the car

Plastic makes up 10% of the weight of a car. or 183.0245 kg

Tires are made up of 14% natural rubber and 27% synthetic rubber with an average weight of 25 lbs. or 11.3398 kg. 14% of the tires is 1.5875720000000002 kg. 27% is 3.0617460000000003 kg. Since there are 4 tire I will time these numbers by 4. The total weight lf natural rubber is 6.350288 kg, or 0.3469638217834225 % of the car. The total weight of synthetic rubber is 12.246984 kg, or 0.6691445134394576% of the car.

The amount of cast iron in an average car is about 7.2%. or 131.77764000000002 kg.

This all accounts for about 80.92144004% of the weight for the car. I know this isn't at 100% but this is as much percentage of materials I could find, so consider this a low-ball or a near complete fragmentation of a car.

Density of Materials

Steel = an average of 7.9 g/cm³

Aluminum = 2.7 g/cm³

Copper = 8.96 g/cm³

Glass = an average of 5 g/cm³

Plastic =  and average of 2.235 g/cc (http://www.tregaltd.com/img/density%20of%20plastics[1].pdf)

Natural Rubber = 0.92 g/cm³

Synthetic Rubber = I will use polybutadiene since it is mostly used in car tires.  0.925 g/cm^3

Cast Iron = an average density of 7.3 g/cm³

Volume of Materials

Steel = 113,924.0506 cm³

Aluminum = 66,694.81481 cm³

Copper = 2,480.580357 cm³

Glass = 9,071.84 cm³

Plastic = 81,890.1566 cm³

Natural Rubber = 6,902.486957 cm³

Synthetic Rubber = 13239.9827 cm³

Cast Iron = 18,051.73151 cm³

Energy to Fragment Materials

To find shear strength from tensile strength, just times the ultimate tensile strength by 0.60.

Steel = 208 j/cc

Cast Iron = 149 MPa or j/cc

Glass = 0.75 j/cc

Aluminium = 40000 PSI = 275.79 megapascales = 275.79 J/cc 

Copper = 25,000 PSI = 172.36893 MPa = 172.36893 J/cc

Plastic = It is insanely difficult for me to find plastic mechanical properties. I decided to use Polypropylene since it is used for most cars, especially in their bumpers. an average of 38.7 MPa = 38.7 j/cc

Natural Rubber =0.001 GPa = 1 MPa = 1 J/cc

Synthetic Rubber = 4.285714286 MPa = 4.285714286 J/cc

Total Energy

23,696,202.52 Joules for all the steel 

2689707.995 Joules for all the iron 

6803.88 Joules for all the glass 

18,393,762.98 Joules for all the aluminum 

3169149.06 Joules for all the plastic 

427,574.9819 Joules for all the copper

56742.783 joules for Synthetic Rubber

6902.486957 Joules for all the natural rubber

Adding this all up is 48446846.69 Joules = Small Building level

Destroying a tree[]

Volume of Tree

A white oak tree will be used since they are somewhat common and are not overly large. 

White Oak = 30 m height, 1.27 meter diameter

Plugging this into the formula for volume of a cylinder since tree trunks are cylindrical = 38 m^3

Energy to Destroy Tree

The weakest wood I could find comes from Ceiba pentandra at 350 PSI = 2.41317 MPa = 2.41317 J/cc. The hardest wood I could find is Dalbergia nigra at 2360 PSI = 16.27163 MPa = 16.27163 J/cc  

Low End: 2.41317*38000000 = 9.1700460e7 Joules, 0.022 Tons of TNT, Small Building level

High End: 16.27163 x 38000000 = 6.1832194e8 Joules, 0.148 Tons of TNT Small Building level+

The high end is a low ball since Dalbergia nigra is not the hardest type of wood. The low end could go lower since wood like balsa is weaker than Ceiba pentandra.

This also doesn't take into account branches either.

Destroying a wrecking ball[]

Volume of Ball

The weight of a wrecking ball ranges from 450 kg to 5400 kg and they are made of steel.

Steel = density of 7.9 g/cc

450000/7.9 = 56962.02532 cc

5400000/7.9 = 683544.3038 cc

Energy to Destroy Wrecking Ball

Steel = 208 J/cc

Low-end: 208*6962.02532 = 1.184810127e7 Joules, Wall level+

High-end: 208*683544.3038 = 1.421772152e8 Joules, or 0.034 Tons of TNT, Small Building level

Breaking off a lock[]

Volume of shackle

I will use a fairly standard lock.

MUL-T-LOCK-TSR25 size

I will not measure how much energy it takes to completely fragment a lock since most are just broken off. So I will just measure the shackle and not the rest of the lock.

The lock is one inch or 61 px. or 0.04163934426 cm a pixel

Red = Portion that is a cylinder is 44 px or 1.832131147 cm

Pluging in the values of the radius of the shackle with the height gives me 1.78 cc x 2 = 3.56 cc for both sides. But, this doesn't take into account the curved portion. So to find the volume of that, I'll just use the volume of a torus x 0.5.

Orange = Major radius 30 px or 1.249180328 cm

This give me a volume of 2.36 cc

2.36 + 3.56 = 5.92 cc

Energy to Destroy Shackle

To find shear strength fron tensile strength, simple divide the tensile strength by 1.74.

Lock shackles are typically made of Brass, normal Steel, stainless steel, hardened steel, and boron alloy steel 

Brass is 235 MPa or 235 J/cc

Steel = 208 j/cc 

Hardned Steel = 402.2988506 MPa or 402.2988506 J/cc

Stainless Steel = 290.2298851 MPa or 290.2298851 J/cc

Steel = 1231.36 Joules, Street level

Brass = 1391.2 Joules, Street level

Stainless Steel = 1718.16092 Joules, Street level

Hardened Steel = 2381.609196 Joules, Street level

Destroying blades[]

Volumes of Blades

A knightly (or short) sword blade is typically 31 3/8 inches long, 2 inches wide, and .192 inches thick A long sword blade is at least 90 cm long 4.14 mm thick

320px-Espadon-Morges

Red = length 90 cm or 964 px at 0.09336099585 cm a pixel

Orange = Width 30.1 px or 2.810165975 cm

Longsword = 104.71 cc

Shortsword = 200.58 cc

Energy to Destroy Blades

Assuming they are made of steel.

Longsword = 2.177968e4 Joules, Wall level

Shortsword = 4.172064e4 Joules, Wall level

Note: This is the fragmentation of an entire blade

Destroying a chimney[]

Volume of Chimney

I could not find the average size of a chimney so I'll just use this one for a baseline. It is 8 feet tall and 2 feet wide and long.

I will use this calculator to find the volume of a hollow cuboid .

Chimney-with-dimensions

length = Red 243.84 cm or 239 px at 1.020251046 cm a pixel

Outer Edge B and C = 60.96 cm

thickness = Orange 11.4 px or 11.63086192 cm

inner Edge B and C = 60.96 - (2 x 11.63086192) = 37.69827616 cm

V = 559,603.43 cc

Energy to destroy chimney

Brick is, on average, 3.49375 MPa or 3.49375 J/cc

let's assume 50% is brick while the other half is cement.

279801.715 x 3.49375 = 977557.2418 Joules

279801.715 x 8 = 2238413.72 Joules

3.215970962e6 Joules in total, Wall level

Destroying a spiral staircase[]

Weight of Staircase

I cannot find an average weight of a spiral stair case so I'll just use this one for a baseline. One made of steel is on average 315 lbs. One made of aluminum is on average 162.5 lbs.

Density of Materials

Steel = 7.9 g/cc

Aluminum = 2.7 g/cc

Volume of Staircase

Steel = 18086.32911 cc 

Aluminum = 27299.54074 cc

Energy to Destroy Staircase

Steel = 208 x 18086.32911 = 3.761956455e6 Joules, Wall level

Aluminum = 275 x 27299.54074 = 7.507373703e6 Joules, Wall level

Crushing a Golf Ball[]

Materials of Golf Ball

A golf ball is made of a rubber core, usually Polybutadiene, and a Ionomer or latex cover, usually Polyurethane 

Energy Density of Materials

I will use compressive strength rather than shear since this is crushing the ball.

Polybutadiene = 2.35 MPa on average or 2.35 J/cc

Polyurethane = 7305.75 PSI = 50.37137309 MPa = 50.37137309 J/cc on average

Volume of Ball

The core of the ball is 3.75 cm in diameter. The ball itself can be no less than 4.267 cm in diameter.

The core would be 27.61 cc. The entire ball would be 40.68 cc. To find the volume of the cover, subtract the core volume from the entire volume to get 13.07 cc for the cover.

Energy to Crush Golf Ball

2.35*27.61 = 64.8835 joules for core

13.07*50.37137309 = 658.3538463 joules for cover

723.2373463 Joules in total, Street level


Destroying a Barrel[]

Volume of Barrel

Barrels, when empty, weigh around 50 kg or 50,000 grams

Barrels are typically made of oak and steel hoops. I will assume the barrel is 90% wood and 10% steel. The density of white oak is 0.77 g/cc

Wood = 45000/0.77 = 58441.55844 cc

Steel = 5000/7.9 = 632.9113924 cc

Energy to Destroy Barrel

White oak has an average shear strength of 1935 PSI or 13.34136 MPa = 13.34136 J/cc

Steel = 208 x 632.9113924 = 131645.5696 Joules

Wood = 13.34136 x 58441.55844 = 779689.8701 Joules

9.113354397e5 Joules in total, Wall level

Destructive Force of Wind[]

I know this isn't an object but I thought it would be important to add

Air is 1.225 kg/m^3 at sea level. I am going to find the energy of different winds at diffirent speeds and different sizes.

1 m^3 of air:

1 m/s = 0.6125 J = Below Average level

5 m/s = 15.3125 J = Below Average level

10 m/s = 61.25 J = Human level (A little over Low-End wind speed of a thunderstorm)

20 m/s = 245 J = Athlete level+ (A little over the High-End wind speed of a thunderstorm and Low-end speed of an f0 tornado )

40 m/s = 980 J = Street level (Speeds of an F1 tornado and Category 1 hurricane )

50 m/s = 1531.25 J = Street level (An F2 tornado and Cat. 3 hurricane)

70 m/s =  3001.25 J = Street level (An F3 tornado and Cat. 5 hurricane)

90 m/s = 4961.25 J = Street level (An F4 Tornado)

115 m/s = 8100.31 J = Street level (An F5 tornado)

135 m/s = 11162.8 J = Street level+ (Highest wind speed recorded on Earth )

170 m/s = 17701.3 J = Wall level (Great Red Spot wind speeds)

500 m/s = 153125 J = Wall level (Wind speed of Saturn)

600 m/s = 220500 J = Wall level (Wind speed of Neptune)

2415 m/s = 3572240 J = Wall level (Fastest wind speed ever found on a planet )

This is only for 1 cubic meter of air and not taking account higher masses of air. And in terms of wind, unless it is a gust, these wind speeds are continous and would keep on delivering the same amount of joules over and over to whatever object.

Crushing a skull[]

Compressive Strength of Bone - 170 MPa

Weight of the Skull - 997 g

Density of Bone - 1.6 g/cm^3

997/1.6 = 623.125 cm^3

170 MPa*623.125 cm^3 = 105,931 J

For shear strength:

Shear Strength of Bone - 51.6 MPa

56.1 MPa*623.125 cm^3 = 34,960 J

Results

Head Crush (Compressive) - 1.05931e5 Joules, Wall level

Head Crush (Shear) - 3.496e4 Joules, Wall level

Dissipating a nimbus cloud[]

assume it's a standard cumulonimbus cloud. According to typesofclouds.net, nimbus clouds can reach up to 6 miles (9656m), with their bases also reaching 6 miles across. According to the Wikipedia page on cumulonimbus clouds, the bottom of the cloud forms from approximately 200m to 4000m.

So the cloud could be assumed to be 5656 m (9565-4000 m) high, with a base 9656 m across, assuming this is the diameter, the radius would hence be 4828 m, and the area of the base would be 73229217 m^2, combined with the height of 5656m from earlier, gives us a total volume of 414184451352 m^3. Using the standard of clouds being 1.003 kg/m^3, that gives the cloud a weight of 415427004706 kg.

Velocity, according to Bambu, should be moving the radius of the cloud over 10 seconds, so 482.8m/s.

Plugging that into kinetic energy:

Ek=0.5*M*V^2

0.5*(415427004706)*(482.8^2) = 4.817153e16 Joules, City level

Shaking the Earth[]

This method assumes that all they're doing is causing the Earth to quake via sheer brute Force. This is what is usually used for the standard Earthquake feat, but, if there's sufficient evidence they're also moving the plates via magic or sheer rule of cool, you can move to the next section.

Either way, first we'll need to determine the kind of magnitude needed to cause the entire Earth to quake. We'll assume that it feels like a Magnitude 4 across the world, just standard noticable shaking with no real damage.

To find how strong of an impact it truly was, you use this equation:

(Magnitude at distance) + 6.399 + 1.66×log((r/110)×((2×π)/360)) = Richter Magnitude of Earthquake, with r representing the distance away from it.

In our case, it would be, using half of the Circumference of earth,

(4)+6.399+1.66×log((20037.5÷110)×((2×π)÷360)) = Magnitude 11.2328648415393

Now, we take the magnitude and use the formula for a joulecount from said magnitude listed in Earthquake Calculations

10^(1.5*(11.2328648415393)+4.8) is 4.459613919339E21 Joules, 1.06587330768147 Teratons, Small Country level

Creating a storm[]

Storms are calculated with either CAPE, condensation, or KE (if applicable). You can read more about that here. Usually the storm clouds extend all the way to the horizon. The visibility on a normal day is 2000 km.

Storm clouds have a height of 8000 m.

π×8,000×20,000^2 = 10053096491487 m^3.

Multiplying that by 1.003 (density of cloud) gives us 10083255780961 kg.

CAPE

"Weak instability": 1.008325578096e16 Joules, 2.40995597059316 Megatons, Small City level

"Moderate instability": 2.520813945240e16 Joules, 6.02488992648291 Megatons, Small City level+

"Strong instability": 4.033302312384e16 Joules, 9.63982388237265 Megatons, City level

1999 Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak: 5.939037654986e16 Joules, 14.1946406667937 Megatons, City level

1990 Plainfield Tornado: 8.066604624769e16 Joules, 19.2796477647453 Megatons, City level

Condensation So, a storm is generally 1-3 grams per meter. We'll use 1 gram for this, so, it's 10053096491487 g, 10053096491.487 kg.

Now, for condensation, the value is 2264705 j/kg, so, put that with the above and it's

2.2767297889753066335e16 Joules, 5.44151479200599 Megatons, Small City level+

KE

KE is a bit reliant on a specific timeframe, however in this case, the standard assumption is a minute. However, if it takes less then a minute, then you can make your own calc, assuming the storm qualifies for KE Standards

20000/60 is 333.333333333333 m/s

Now, 0.5×10083255780961×333.333333333333^2 is....

5.601808767200e17 Joules, 133.886442810720 Megatons, Mountain level

Breaking all bones of a man's body[]

On average, the weight of a man's bones is 15% of their body mass, which inof itself is 88.768027 Kilograms. 15% of that is 13.31520405 Kilograms.

The density of bone is 3.88 g/cm^3, which would mean that the total volume would be 13.31520405 divided by 0.00388, which equals 3431.75362113402 cm^3 for our volume.

To get the fragmentation values, we need to use the compressive strength of bones. To quote Wikipedia, "bone has a high compressive strength of about 170 MPa (1800 kgf/cm²), poor tensile strength of 104–121 MPa, and a very low shear stress strength (51.6 MPa)"

So, low end is 51.6, mid is 104, high is 170. Plugging those all into our volume gets us....

Low End: 1.77078.486850515432e5 Joules, Wall level

Mid End: 3.56902376598e5 Joules, Wall level

High End: 5.83398115592783e5 Joules, Wall level

Vaporization of a human[]

https://www.thoughtco.com/chemical-composition-of-the-human-body-603995

Okay, First off. To vaporize a human thoroughly at once, let’s assume the temperature change is 1800°F or 982.2°C http://www.kgbanswers.com/what-temperature-does-skin-and-bone-melt/3952683

Average body temperature is 97.7°C or 37.5°C

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body_temperature

So the temperature change is by 1343.5°C

http://endmemo.com/physics/specificheat.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body_weight

The average human is 62 kilograms

STEP I

I will start with water

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_water

60% of human mass is water, or 37.2 kilograms.

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-thermal-properties-d_162.html

The heat capacity of water is 4.178 kilojoules per kilogram

Heat energy is 208,808,919.6 joules


STEP II

https://www.itis.ethz.ch/virtual-population/tissue-properties/database/heat-capacity/

Average amount for body fat is 2.348 kilojoules per kilogram

Fat seems to be 17% of body mass, or 10.54 kilograms going by the numbers shown

Plugging it into the heat energy calculator, that's 33,248,830.52 joules


STEP III

Protein makes up 16% of body mass, which means it makes up 9.92 kilograms of the body

https://www.itis.ethz.ch/virtual-population/tissue-properties/database/heat-capacity/

Muscle has a heat capacity of 3.421 kilojoules per kilogram

That's 45,593,445.92 joules, plugging it into the calculator


STEP IV

For minerals, it makes up 6% of body mass, or 3.72 kilograms.

Cortical bone is 1.313 kilojoules per kilogram.

6,562,137.66 joules


STEP V

Carbohydrates make up merely 1% of human weight, or 0.62 kilograms

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_Heat_capacities_of_carbohydrates_for_liquid_amorphous_glass_and_solid_states

Heat energy of sugar (carbohydrate) is 1.255 kilojoules per kilogram.

1,045,377.35 joules

Conclusion

Adding them all together, we get 2.9525871105e8 Joules, Small Building level

The values taken were simplest and closest analogs, plus this calculation did not include the latent heat. But overall, the vaporization of the human body should peak at ~300 megajoules

Freezing a human[]

Average human weight = 62kg

On average 65% of the human body weight is water.

So water mass = 0.65*62kg.

So total energy = 62 * 3500 * 41 + 0.65*62*1000*333.55 = 2.2339065e7 Joules, Small Building level

Destroying the surface of the Earth[]

Earth's circumference = 40075 km

Explosion radius = 20037.50 km

Y = ((x/0.28)^3)

Y is in kilotons, x is radius in kilometers.

Y = ((20037.50/0.28)^3) = 366485260009765.63 Kilotons of TNT

Only 50% of the total energy of the explosion is actually from the blast, so we need to halve the result. This part can be ignored if the explosion was an actual nuclear explosion.

366485260009765.63/2 = 183242630004882.82 Kilotons of TNTm, or 183.24 Petatons of TNT, Multi-Continent level

The Earth's rotational energy[]

Mic

The formula of the rotational energy is K= 1/2* Ι*ω^2

The moment of inertia of a sphere is 2/5mR^2

The Earth's angular velocity is 7.3*10^-5 rad/s

Earth's Mass = 5.97e24 kg

Earth's radius = 6372000 m

Κ = 1/2*Ι*ω^2 = 1/5 * m*R^2 *ω^2 = 2.58e29 Joules, Moon level

Surviving the heat of the Sun[]

Surface 1. Radiation: For radiation we need to know the emissivity, surface area and temperature.

The temperature of the sun is about 5500°C per Wikipedia.

For the surface area we take the surface of the average human body, since we assume that the person is submerged in the sun. The average body surface area is about 1.73 m^2 per this article.

The emissivity is about 1.2 at this temperature per this article.

Now we input this values into this calculator and get 130756044.60407 J/s.


2. Conduction: For conduction we need to know surface area, thickness of the material that the heat is transmitted through, the thermal conductivity of the material and the heat of the sun and the object.

Surface area and temperature of the sun can be taken from the radiation part.

Now for the material were the heat is transmitted through I will take human skin.

Human Skin is around 3mm thick. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin)

It has a thermal conductivity of about 0.209. (http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~valvano/research/Thermal.pdf)

Normal skin temperature is about 33°C. (http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/AbantyFarzana.shtml)

With that we have everything we need. We use this calculator to get a result.

The result is: 658901.0633333334 watts = 658901.0633333334 J/s.

Now we add both results together to get a final value: 658901.0633333334 J/s + 130756044.60407 J/s = 1.3141494566740333*10^8 J/s. Core Now a similar procedure for the core. The core of the sun is about 15.7 million Kelvin hot. The emissivity of the sun at temperatures such as this isn´t known, but the article that I linked to emissivity states that the minimum lies at 6900°C. So we will use the minimum emissivity of 0.92 for this. Now we just need to input all values in the calculators again.

1. Radiation: 5.4829665830548E+21 J/s

2. Conductiont: 1892212356.0633333 J/s

5.4829665830548E+21 J/s + 1892212356.0633333 J/s = 5.4829665830566922E+21 J/s



Note: This is for a human in the sun. If the character is a lot bigger or smaller than an average human, or if the character is made from another material, like for example metal, this numbers change.


Maximum internal energy intake If an object is heated it usually doesn´t get hotter than the source of the heat. If the object is as hot as the heat source the energy itself emits to its surroundings should be equal to the energy it is infused with.

That means there is a maximum amount of thermal energy an object can take in through a certain source of heat.

In order to calculate this energy I will just measure how much energy will be necessary to heat the object to this temperature, from the point that it has no internal energy, which should be 0K.

The specific heat capacity of a human body is 3470 J/kg.oC

Average weight of a grown human is around 62 kg.

Surface: The surface of the sun has a temperature of 5.773.2K.

3470*62*5773.2 = 1.242046248E+9J

That is Building Level.

Core: The core of the sun has an temperature of 15 700 000K.

3470*62*15 700 000 = 3.377698E+12J

That is Multi-City Block Level+.

Punching a hole through doors[]

The average surface area of a human fist is 25 cm^2. The average thickness of a door is 3.334 cm thick. 83.35 cm^3. Values taken from here. For pulverization I'll use the average value.

Wood Door

Fragmentation: 83.35*8.34 = 695.139 Joules, Street level

Violent fragmentation: 83.35*18.34 = 1528.639 Joules, Street level

Pulverization: 83.35*46.935 = 3912.03225 Joules, Street level

Steel Door

Fragmentation: 83.35*208 = 1.73368e4 Joules, Wall level

Violent fragmentation: 83.35*568.5 = 4.7384475e4 Joules, Wall level

Pulverization: 83.35*655 = 5.459425e4 Joules, Wall level

Breaking a bone[]

The durability of a bone depends on the angle of attack.

A bone of a deceased 52-year old woman only required 375 Joules of energy when the force was applied within five degrees of the orientation of the collagen fibres. But the force increased exponentially when they applied it at anything over 50 degrees away from that orientation, up to 9920 Joules when they applied a nearly perpendicular force.

So breaking a bone would require 375-9920 Joules, depending on the angle of attack. That's Street level to Street level+.

Destroying a skyscraper[]

Mass of a Skycraper = Around 222500 tons

http://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/rate-analysis-for-reinforced-concrete/6954/

154 % = 28 % Cement

154 % = 42 % Sand (which 85 % of Sand or 35.7% of the RC)

154 % = 84 % Coarse (Granite is a good assumption)

Cement = 40454.55 Tons = 40454550 kg

Silica = 51579.55 Tons = 51579550 kg

Granite = 121363.64 Tons = 121363640 kg

Cement = 40454550/1250 = 32363.64 m^3

Silica = 51579550/2650 = 19463.9811 m^3

Granite = 121363640/2700 = 44949.4963 m^3

Fragmentation:

Low End: Using Reinforced Concrete Shear Strength:

(32363640000+19463981100+44949496300) cm^3*28 J/cc 2.7097592872e12 Joules, or 647.648013 Tons, Multi-City Block level+

High End: Using Each Material Shear Strength:

Cement = 6*32363640000 = 194181840000 J

Silica = 70*19463981100 = 1362478677000 J

Granite = 103.42*44949496300 = 4.64867691e12 J

Total Energy = 6.20533743e12 Joules, or 1.48311124 Kilotons, Small Town level

Another method:

381×129.2×57 mts = 2805836.4 m^3

90 % hollowness = 280583640000 cm^3

Fragmentation: Low End: Using Reinforced Concrete Shear Strength: 280583640000 cm^3×28 J/cm^3 = 7.85634192e12 joules or 1.87771078 Kilotons Small Town level

High End: Using Each Material Shear Strength:

Percentages of material:

154 % = 28 % Cement

154 % = 42 % Sand (which 85 % of Sand or 35.7% of the RC)

154 % = 84 % Coarse (Granite is a good assumption)

Volume:

Cement = (280583640000×28)/154 = 51015207300 cm^3

Silica = (280583640000 cm^3×35.7)/154 = 65044389300 cm^3

Granite = (280583640000 cm^3×84)/154 = 153045622000 cm^3

Frag:

Cement = 6 J/cm^3*51015207300 cm^3 = 306091243800 joules

Silica = 70 J/cm^3*65044389300 cm^3 = 4.55310725e12 joules

Granite = 103.42 J/cm^3*153045622000 cm^3 = 1.58279782e13 joules

Total Energy = 306091243800+4.55310725e12+1.58279782e13 Joules = 4.9443539 Kilotons, Small Town level+

Melting:

Specific Heat Capacity:

Silica = 730 J/kg-°C

Alumina = 880 J/kg-°C

Granite = 790 J/kg-°C

Melting point:

Granite = 1237.5 °C Average

Silica = 1600 °C

Alumina = 2050 °C Average

Latent heat of fusion:

Granite = 335000 J/Kg

Silica = 50210 J/mol

(So: Molar Mass = 60.0843 g/mol = 3099121156065 mol)

Alumina = 620000 J/mol

(So: Molar Mass = 101.96 g/mol = 928067727000 mol)

Total Energy (No Cement) = (((790)*(121363640)*(2050-25)) + ((121363640)*(335000))) + (((730)*(51579550)*(2050-25)) + ((3099121156065)*(50210))) + (((880)*(9102272.72)*(2050-25)) + ((928067727000)*(620000))) = 7.3133614000828819e17 Joules, or 174.793533 Megatons, Mountain level (And that's without Cement)

Freezing a pool[]

Size of a family pool 4.20 * 8.40 mts 1 mts on the shallow end and 1.92 mts at the deep end Average temp for a pool: 26.6666667 degrees Celsius

How much water fits on a pool like this?

Volume = 13230 gallons = 50080997.9 cm^3 = 50080.9979 kgs

Energy = Specific Heat Capacity*mass*(delta temp.) 4186*50080.9979*26.6666667 = 5.59037487e9 Joules, or 1.33613166 Tons of TNT, Building level+

Vaporizing a pool[]

Energy = Specific Heat Capacity*mass*(delta temp.)+(mass*Latent heat of vaporization) 4186*50080.9979*(100-26.6666667) + (2257*1000*50080.9979) = 1.28406343e11 Joules, or 30.6898525 Tons of TNT, City Block level

Freezing a bathtub[]

22.7124707 liters = 22.7124707 kg

4186*22.7124707*44.44 = 4.22510644e6 Joules, or 1.00982467 kgs of TNT, Wall level

Vaporizing a bath[]

4186*22.7124707*(100-44.44) + (2257*1000*22.7124707) = 5.65443802e7 Joules, or 13.5144312 kg of TNT, Small Building level

Destroying an aircraft[]

403500 lbs = 183024.521 Kgs

Percentages:

4% Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) = 7320.98084 kg

13% Steel = 23793.1877 kg

81% Aluminium (2024-T3) = 148249.862 kg

Titanium Ti-6Al-4V = 4430 kg/m3

Steel = 7850 kg/m3

Aluminium 2024-T3 = 2780 kg/m3

Titanium = 1652591.61 cm3

Steel = 3030979.32 cm3

Aluminium = 53327288.5 cm3


Fragmentation=

Titanium = 550 MPa = 550 J/cc

Steel = 208 J/cc

Aluminium = 40000 PSI = 275.79 megapascales = 275.79 J/cc

Total Fragmentation = 1.6246502e10 Joules, or 3.88300717 Tons = Large Building level

Melting a plane[]

Specific Heat Capacity Titanium Ti-6Al-4V = 526.3 J/kg-°C

Steel = 510 J/kg-°C

Aluminium 2024-T3 = 875 J/kg-°C

Melting Point Titanium = 1604 °C

Steel = 1425 °C

Aluminium = 502 °C

Latent Heat of Fusion Titanium = 419000 J/Kg

Steel = 272000 J/Kg (This is for Iron, but is nearly the same though)

Aluminium = 398000 J/Kg

Total Energy = (((526.3)*(7320.98084)*(1604-25)) + ((7320.98084)*(419000))) + (((510)*(23793.1877)*(1604-25)) + ((23793.1877)*(272000))) + (((875)*(148249.862)*(1604-25)) + ((148249.862)*(398000))) = 2.9861275268025227e11 Joules, or 71.37 Tons, City Block level+

Melting a tank[]

The mass of a tank is around 60 tons.

Materials of tanks and especially how much of which is there is classified information as far as I know. Using this article on composite armour we get 10% ceramics and 90% steel, given that the mechanics and everything will be made out of metal. For the ceramics we will assume Alumina, since that is also mentioned as a material used here.

Specific heat of materials: Per this article:

“c” of alumina = 850 J/(kg*K)

“c” of steel = 481 J/(kg*K)

2.2 Latent heat of fusion:

Steel: 260000 J/kg per this article.

Alumina: 620000 J/kg as per this article.

Melting point:

Alumina: 2072 °C (per wikipedia)

Steel: 1425 °C (per this)

Mass of materials: 6000 kg alumina, 54000 kg Steel

Assuming a tank is on average 20°C warm.

High end:

850 J/(kg*K)*6000 kg *(2072 °C - 20 °C) + 620000 J/kg * 6000 kg + 481 J/(kg * K) * 54000 kg * (2072 °C - 20 °C) + 260000 J/kg * 56000 kg = 8.2043848e10 Joules, City Block level

Low end: 850 J/(kg*K)*6000 kg *(1425 °C - 20 °C) + 620000 J/kg * 6000 kg + 481 J/(kg * K) * 54000 kg * (1425 °C - 20 °C) + 260000 J/kg * 56000 kg = 6.193897e10 Joules, City Block level

Melting a lake[]

Heat of Fusion for water is 334 kJ/kg.

http://ccb.ucr.edu/emeraldlake/pear.html

Pear Lake is 591 000 m^3.

Density of ice: 934 kg/m^3

551 994 000 kg

551994000*334000=1.84366e14 Joules, or 44064.53 Tons of TNT, Town level

Punching through a wall[]

Walls are 3/4 inch thick. That's 1.905 cm.

The human fist is 25 cm^2.

25 cm^2*1.905 = 47.625 cm^3

Wood Wall

Fragmentation: 47.625*8.34 = 397.1925 Joules, Street level

Violent fragmentation: 47.625*18.34 = 873.4425 Joules, Street level

Pulverization: 47.625*46.935 = 2235.279375 Joules, Street level

Steel Wall

Fragmentation: 47.625*208 = 9906 Joules, Street level+

Violent fragmentation: 47.625*568.5 = 2.70748125e4 Joules, Wall level

Pulverization: 47.625*655 = 3.1194375e4 Joules, Wall level

Durability required to be covered in fire[]

1. Radiation: For radiation we need to know the emissivity, surface area and temperature.

As explained in here, fire has an average temperature of 250°C and it's emmisivity is 0.054.

And as explaned in DontTalk's calc, the surface area of the human body is 1.73 m^2

Now we input this values into this calculator and get 396.75996243062 J/s

2. Conduction: For conduction we need to know surface area, thickness of the material that the heat is transmitted through, the thermal conductivity of the material and the heat of the sun and the object.

Human Skin is around 3mm thick. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin)

It has a thermal conductivity of about 0.209. (http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~valvano/research/Thermal.pdf)

Normal skin temperature is about 33°C. (http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/AbantyFarzana.shtml)

With that we have everything we need. We use this calculator to get a result of 26153.56333333333 Watts = 26153.563333 J/s

Now we add both together to get a final value of 2.65503233e4 J/s, Wall level.

Durability required to tank lava[]

Lava can be between 700°C and 1250°C. Given that we likely don´t know the heat of the lava let's work with 700°C.

Emissivity of Lava is between 0.55 and 0.85. At the given temprature it should be around 0.65.

The average human body surface area is 1.73 m^2.

At last we input all this stats in this calculator. That results in 57182.306177806 J/s.

Now part 2 heat transfer through conduction.

Human Skin is around 3 mm thick. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin)

It has a thermal conductivity of about 0.209 (http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~valvano/research/Thermal.pdf)

Normal skin temperature is about 33°C (http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/AbantyFarzana.shtml)

Now we use this calculator. That gives us 80389.06333333334 J/s.

Now we add that together and get: 1.3757136951113934e5 J/s, Wall level

Destroying a table[]

Square table

They are between 36 to 44 inches in length. The average of that is 40 inches, or 101.6 cm.

Thickness of the table top ranges from 3/4 inches to 1 3/4 inches. I'll take the average again, 1.25 inches or 3.175 cm.

101.6*101.6*3.175 = 32 774.128 cm^3

This is a low-ball since it doesn't account for the table legs. Assuming the table is made out of wood:

Fragmentation: 32774.128*8.34 = 2.7333622752e5 Joules, Wall level

Violent fragmentation: 32774.128*18.34 = 6.0107750752e5 Joules, Wall level

Pulverization: 32774.128*46.935 = 1.53825369768e6 Joules, Wall level

Rectangular table

36 to 40 inches wide, and 48 inches for a four-people table. I'll take 38 inches as the width.

48 inches is 121.92 cm. 38 inches is 96.25 cm. The thickness is 3.175 cm as said above.

121.92*96.25*3.175 = 37 257.99 cm^3

Fragmentation: 37257.99*8.34 = 3.107316366e5 Joules, Wall level

Violent fragmentation: 37257.99*18.34 = 6.833115366e5 Joules, Wall level

Pulverization: 37257.99*46.935 = 1.74870376065e6 Joules, Wall level

Round table

According to the same website above, round tables are around the same size as square tables. So let's say a diametre of 101.6 cm.

pi*(101.6/2)^2*3.175 = 25 740.74 cm^3

Fragmentation: 25740.74*8.34 = 2.146777716e5 Joules, Wall level

Violent fragmentation: 25740.74*18.34 = 4.720851716e5 Joules, Wall level

Pulverization: 25740.74*46.935 = 1.2081416319e6 Joules, Wall level

Shattering a windshield[]

Normal glass

Danny Hamilton measured the windshield's dimensions to be 46 inches for the top length, 35 inches for height and 56.5 inches for bottom length. That's 116.84 cm, 88.9 cm and 143.51 cm.

Area of a trapezium is (a+b)/2*h

(116.84+143.51)/2*88.9 = 11 572.5575 cm^2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminated_glass#Specifications

A typical laminated makeup is 2.5 mm glass, 0.38 mm interlayer, and 2.5 mm glass. This gives a final product that would be referred to as 5.38 laminated glass.

For the glass:

11572.5575*0.5 = 5786.27875 cm^3

For the plastic layer:

11572.5575*0.038 = 439.757185 cm^3

Fragmentation of glass is 0.75 j/cc.

According to this the plastic is PVB. It's tensile strength is 19.6 MPa. Shear strength is 0.577 of tensile strength. 11.3092 MPa, or 11.3092 j/cc.

Fragmentation of the glass: 5786.27875*0.75 = 4339.7090625 Joules

Fragmentation of the plastic: 439.757185*11.3092 = 4973.301956602 Joules

In total that's 9313.011019102 Joules, Street level+

Breaking a human neck[]

Volume of Vertebrae

The vertebrae that make up the neck are the cervical vertebrae and are 7 vertebrae in total. However, due to finding info only for vertebrae 3 through 7, I will only be calcing the largest one. 

C3 pedicle: The pedicle is roughly a rectangular prism and there are two of them. 5.27 mm x 5.14 mm x 7.08 mm = 191.78 cmm x 2 = 38.356 cc

C3 vertebral body: The vertebral body is a cylinder. The mean height is 15.1 mm and the radius 7.34 mm = 255.575 cc.

Energy to Fragment Vertebrae

The shear strength of bones is 51.6 MPa or J/cc

38.356 + 255.575 x 51.6 = 13226.026 joules

Street level+

Keep in mind, this is just fragmenting most of the vertebrae. This does not take into account the the lamina.

For compressive strength:

With the total volume of the C3 vetebra and pedicle being 293.931 cm and the compressive strength being 170 MPa,

293.931 x 170 = 49968.27 joules.

This is assuming you crushed the human neck.

Breaking a Human Spine[]

Volume of Vertebrae

I will only be calcing the T3 vertebrae, as it is the highest I can find dimensions for.

T3 Pedicle: The pedicle is in the T3 vertebrae is roughly cylinder shaped.It is on average 8.7 mm wide (Or tall for the volume of a cylinder), and 16.4 mm tall (Or diameter for a cylinder). turning the diameter into radius I get a volume of 183.779 cc. Since there are are two pedicles, 2 x 183.779 = 367.558 cc


T3 Vertabral body: The verabral body is cylinder shaped. When finding the average of the anterior and posterior height means of the vertebrae, I get 16.9 mm. It's mean diameter is 24.34 mm.Finding the radius and puting this into a calculator gives me 786.353 cc.

Energy to Break Vertebrae

183.779 + 786.353 x 51.6 = 40759.5938 joules


Wall level


This does not take into account the lamina or other larger vertebrae.

Blowing up cannons[]

This is about blowing up 16th century cannons.

According to Wikipedia, by the 16th century they could weigh about 9100 kg and were largely cast iron.

Density of iron is = 7.86 g/cm^3

9100000 g / 7.86 g/cm^3 = 1157760.81 cm^3 of iron

20 j/cc for iron frag, so we get...

2.316e7 Joules, 5.54 kg of TNT, Small Building level

Bending a steel rod[]

The standard steel rod is is 40 feet or 12 metre long.

For thickness there are a lot of sizes, so I'll take the average value there. That's 25.9 mm.

Calculating as a cylinder:

pi*0.1295^2*1200 = 63.22 cm^3

Yield strength of carbon steel is 186 to 758 MPa. Mid-end of that is 472 MPa.

63.22*472 = 29 839.84 Joules, Wall level

For lifting strength:

Total surface area of the steel rod: 2*(pi*0.1295^2)+0.259*pi*1200 = 976.51 cm^2

472 MPa is 4813.06 kg/cm^2.

976.51*4813.06 = 4 700 001.2206

Crushing a ring-sized diamond[]

We'll be using the measurements from these page

Use this calculator to find cross-sectional area of an oval with 6.10mm and 6.14mm, give me an area of 29.4mm2, multiply by 110,000 to get a total of 3234000 newtons or 329,776.22 kgs, 329.776 Tonnes which is Class K lifting strength.