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Many fictional characters make use of attacks or equipment that produces lightning or electricity. As such it useful to know how to quantify lightning feats. |
Many fictional characters make use of attacks or equipment that produces lightning or electricity. As such it useful to know how to quantify lightning feats. |
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==What is real lightning?== |
==What is real lightning?== |
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| − | Most electricity in fiction is not |
+ | Most electricity in fiction is not real lightning. Often it is supernatural in nature, and is possibly not even electricity. Therefore lightning is only accepted as such under certain circumstances. |
*Cloud-to-ground lightning is considered to be real lightning, as long there is nothing suggesting otherwise. |
*Cloud-to-ground lightning is considered to be real lightning, as long there is nothing suggesting otherwise. |
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*Lightning that has demonstrated at a minimum a few properties that real lightning has, and significantly less properties that lightning shouldn't have, can be considered real. Some examples of favourable properties are: making muscles of affected beings contract, having an (electro)magnetic field, being shown to actually move with a speed similar to lightning, flowing through conducting materials, the character being able to manipulate real electricity or electromagnetism in general, generating ozone or causing electrolysis. |
*Lightning that has demonstrated at a minimum a few properties that real lightning has, and significantly less properties that lightning shouldn't have, can be considered real. Some examples of favourable properties are: making muscles of affected beings contract, having an (electro)magnetic field, being shown to actually move with a speed similar to lightning, flowing through conducting materials, the character being able to manipulate real electricity or electromagnetism in general, generating ozone or causing electrolysis. |
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| − | Additionally, for calculations that involve lightning speed, one has to consider that the speed of real electricity can change due to a variety of factors, but for practical purposes, concerning attacks that are electricity-based, if they display power comparable to that of natural lightning, they should be considered to move at a comparable speed. It is required to show that the electricity carries an energy of at least [https:// |
+ | Additionally, for calculations that involve lightning speed, one has to consider that the speed of real electricity can change due to a variety of factors, but for practical purposes, concerning attacks that are electricity-based, if they display power comparable to that of natural lightning, they should be considered to move at a comparable speed. It is required to show that the electricity carries an energy of at least [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2008JD011506 1.6 billion Joules] or [https://web.archive.org/web/20171114005128/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/positive.html a voltage of at least 100 million Volts] in order to qualify. |
==Lightning Dodging== |
==Lightning Dodging== |
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The speed of lightning can vary mostly in the range of 1.0-14×10<sup>5</sup> m/s. For the purpose of calculating speed feats we use the average lightning speed of 4.4×10<sup>5</sup> m/s (Mach 1294), which is suggested by [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985JGR....90.8136T this] study. Similar studies have found average speeds within the same order of magnitude, albeit lower. <sup><ref>http://es.vaisala.com/Vaisala%20Documents/Scientific%20papers/2.Campos,%20Saba,%20Warner.pdf</ref></sup><sup><ref>http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=D4862F763A4196979F07E07DA6B89E01?doi=10.1.1.589.8160&rep=rep1&type=pdf</ref></sup><sup><ref>https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1412/1412.3537.pdf</ref></sup> |
The speed of lightning can vary mostly in the range of 1.0-14×10<sup>5</sup> m/s. For the purpose of calculating speed feats we use the average lightning speed of 4.4×10<sup>5</sup> m/s (Mach 1294), which is suggested by [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985JGR....90.8136T this] study. Similar studies have found average speeds within the same order of magnitude, albeit lower. <sup><ref>http://es.vaisala.com/Vaisala%20Documents/Scientific%20papers/2.Campos,%20Saba,%20Warner.pdf</ref></sup><sup><ref>http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=D4862F763A4196979F07E07DA6B89E01?doi=10.1.1.589.8160&rep=rep1&type=pdf</ref></sup><sup><ref>https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1412/1412.3537.pdf</ref></sup> |
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| − | The clouds that usually cause thunderstorms build about 200m to 4000m above the ground.<sup><ref> |
+ | The clouds that usually cause thunderstorms build about 200m to 4000m above the ground.<sup><ref>[[wikipedia:Cumulonimbus cloud#Appearance]]</ref></sup> In this wiki, 2000m is the standard assumption. |
===Calculation=== |
===Calculation=== |
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The formula is: |
The formula is: |
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| − | [[File:1equation 1446059911104.png| |
+ | [[File:1equation 1446059911104.png|center|675px]] |
===Cloud-to-Ground lightning=== |
===Cloud-to-Ground lightning=== |
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Based on the formula and scientific basis we can now make an estimation on which speed characters, that dodged cloud-to-ground lightning, should be placed at. We do that by inserting the distance values and the speed values into the formula. For the distance the character moved we will assume one meter, as that seems reasonable without further information. Should a character appear to have moved a lot more or a lot less than this, a separate calculation has to be made using the formula above. |
Based on the formula and scientific basis we can now make an estimation on which speed characters, that dodged cloud-to-ground lightning, should be placed at. We do that by inserting the distance values and the speed values into the formula. For the distance the character moved we will assume one meter, as that seems reasonable without further information. Should a character appear to have moved a lot more or a lot less than this, a separate calculation has to be made using the formula above. |
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| − | === |
+ | ===Non-Cloud-to-Ground lightning=== |
Non Cloud-to-Ground lightning can be calculated with the same calculation mentioned above. |
Non Cloud-to-Ground lightning can be calculated with the same calculation mentioned above. |
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==Energy== |
==Energy== |
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| − | The energy of electricity |
+ | The energy of electricity can directly be calculated if its current and electrical potential difference is known. |
| − | If the current is a ampere and the electrical potential difference is v volt, then the power of the lightning is given as a*v J/s. Usually 1 second of this is addressed to the AP, unless the electrical flow couldn't sustained for that long. |
+ | If the current is a ampere and the electrical potential difference is v volt, then the power of the lightning is given as a*v J/s. Usually 1 second of this is addressed to the AP, unless the electrical flow couldn't be sustained for that long. |
It should be noted that for real electricity enduring a lightning strike usually doesn't require durability equal to the lightnings full energy. There are two reasons for that: |
It should be noted that for real electricity enduring a lightning strike usually doesn't require durability equal to the lightnings full energy. There are two reasons for that: |
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#The lightning will usually take only a certain path through the body. Along that path there can be strong burns, but the rest can be largely unaffected. |
#The lightning will usually take only a certain path through the body. Along that path there can be strong burns, but the rest can be largely unaffected. |
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#The lightning doesn't discharge its entire energy in the human body. It will usually also heat up the air and pass on into the ground where its energy disperses. The amount of energy lightning produces in form of heat when flowing through is largely determined by the objects electrical resistance. |
#The lightning doesn't discharge its entire energy in the human body. It will usually also heat up the air and pass on into the ground where its energy disperses. The amount of energy lightning produces in form of heat when flowing through is largely determined by the objects electrical resistance. |
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| − | Due to this, and possibly other factors, it is for example possible for humans to survive being hit by lightning. |
+ | Due to this, and possibly other factors, it is for example possible for humans to survive being hit by lightning, even though an average normal lightning contains approximately [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2008JD011506 1.6 billion Joules]. The energy of secondary effects that lightning might cause, can in some cases fully apply on the other hand. |
==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 16:10, 19 May 2020
Many fictional characters make use of attacks or equipment that produces lightning or electricity. As such it useful to know how to quantify lightning feats.
What is real lightning?
Most electricity in fiction is not real lightning. Often it is supernatural in nature, and is possibly not even electricity. Therefore lightning is only accepted as such under certain circumstances.
- Cloud-to-ground lightning is considered to be real lightning, as long there is nothing suggesting otherwise.
- Lightning that has demonstrated at a minimum a few properties that real lightning has, and significantly less properties that lightning shouldn't have, can be considered real. Some examples of favourable properties are: making muscles of affected beings contract, having an (electro)magnetic field, being shown to actually move with a speed similar to lightning, flowing through conducting materials, the character being able to manipulate real electricity or electromagnetism in general, generating ozone or causing electrolysis.
Additionally, for calculations that involve lightning speed, one has to consider that the speed of real electricity can change due to a variety of factors, but for practical purposes, concerning attacks that are electricity-based, if they display power comparable to that of natural lightning, they should be considered to move at a comparable speed. It is required to show that the electricity carries an energy of at least 1.6 billion Joules or a voltage of at least 100 million Volts in order to qualify.
Lightning Dodging
One of the most important speed feats is dodging or reacting to lightning. The following is supposed to provide some short explanations on how fast a character should be ranked through these feats.
Scientific basis
The speed of lightning can vary mostly in the range of 1.0-14×105 m/s. For the purpose of calculating speed feats we use the average lightning speed of 4.4×105 m/s (Mach 1294), which is suggested by this study. Similar studies have found average speeds within the same order of magnitude, albeit lower. [1][2][3]
The clouds that usually cause thunderstorms build about 200m to 4000m above the ground.[4] In this wiki, 2000m is the standard assumption.
Calculation
The calculation for the speed a character moves at when dodging/reacting to lightning is a very simple one.
The formula is:
Cloud-to-Ground lightning
Based on the formula and scientific basis we can now make an estimation on which speed characters, that dodged cloud-to-ground lightning, should be placed at. We do that by inserting the distance values and the speed values into the formula. For the distance the character moved we will assume one meter, as that seems reasonable without further information. Should a character appear to have moved a lot more or a lot less than this, a separate calculation has to be made using the formula above.
| Speed\Distance | Low-End (4000m) | Average (2100 m) | High-End (200m) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low-End | |||
| Average (4.4×105 m/s) | |||
| High-End |
Non-Cloud-to-Ground lightning
Non Cloud-to-Ground lightning can be calculated with the same calculation mentioned above.
It should be noted that as long as the character or machine was not displayed creating cloud-to-ground lightning, it is questionable whether or not the lightning actually moves at average lightning speed, because the scientific knowledge on the speed of lightning is lacking in the current state of science, so that it is unknown which variables that could influence the speed.
Energy
The energy of electricity can directly be calculated if its current and electrical potential difference is known.
If the current is a ampere and the electrical potential difference is v volt, then the power of the lightning is given as a*v J/s. Usually 1 second of this is addressed to the AP, unless the electrical flow couldn't be sustained for that long.
It should be noted that for real electricity enduring a lightning strike usually doesn't require durability equal to the lightnings full energy. There are two reasons for that:
- The lightning will usually take only a certain path through the body. Along that path there can be strong burns, but the rest can be largely unaffected.
- The lightning doesn't discharge its entire energy in the human body. It will usually also heat up the air and pass on into the ground where its energy disperses. The amount of energy lightning produces in form of heat when flowing through is largely determined by the objects electrical resistance.
Due to this, and possibly other factors, it is for example possible for humans to survive being hit by lightning, even though an average normal lightning contains approximately 1.6 billion Joules. The energy of secondary effects that lightning might cause, can in some cases fully apply on the other hand.
See also
References
- ↑ http://es.vaisala.com/Vaisala%20Documents/Scientific%20papers/2.Campos,%20Saba,%20Warner.pdf
- ↑ http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=D4862F763A4196979F07E07DA6B89E01?doi=10.1.1.589.8160&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- ↑ https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1412/1412.3537.pdf
- ↑ wikipedia:Cumulonimbus cloud#Appearance
Notes
For further information about the minimum energy and voltage requirements, please read this thread.